The Revolution of Data Acquisition: Drones in the Physical Environment

While many think of spectacular aerial photos and adventurous videos at the mention of 'drones', these unmanned aerial vehicles now extend far beyond in their applications. At Highberg (formerly known as VKA), we view the drone as a carrier of data acquisition. Consider sensors that can detect smoke plumes and emissions, as well as advanced cameras and measuring instruments that can gather a wealth of information. At the heart of this transformation, we see the seamless fusion of IT
expertise with the complexity of the physical environment.

One of the most promising aspects of drone technology is its ability to collect data and provide insights that were previously inaccessible. Imagine drones deployed to monitor air quality above industrial complexes. By equipping drones with specialized cameras, they can capture smoke plumes and emissions. These visual data can then be analyzed to determine if unwanted pollution is occurring. Here, we see how IT and the physical world come together in harmony—the ability to transform complex datasets into tangible insights.

However, the use of drones extends beyond the industrial sector. Conservationists and rangers increasingly use drones to monitor vast natural areas. Drones offer a complete picture of the flora and fauna, allowing for quick identification of ecological changes and threats. This, however, raises ethical questions. How far should we go in observing nature? What impact does constant surveillance have on animal behavior? How is privacy addressed regarding the collected images featuring individuals? These questions force us to contemplate the limits of technological involvement in nature.

For instance, a water authority deployed drones with cameras for inspections, inadvertently capturing private gardens in the footage. In one case, individuals were found sunbathing without clothes in their private setting, bringing up a delicate subject of privacy. In response, the resolution of the images was adjusted to prevent identification. This underscores the importance of developing privacy-aware solutions, sharing knowledge, and consciously implementing measures to ensure
privacy. An example of such a solution is BaaS, or 'Blurring as a Service'. This is an algorithm that analyzes the images, recognizes individuals or personal data, and automatically anonymizes them. The city of Amsterdam has applied this (click on the link for more information about this).

The advancements in drone technology are nothing short of astounding. Besides their current deployment across various sectors, drones are finding their way into urban planning and infrastructure projects. Imagine urban planners using drones to create 3D models of urban areas, enabling accurate analyses for new construction projects and infrastructure expansions. Drones can also be equipped with biomonitoring systems, assessing the health of plants and trees. This could lead to more precise forest management and a better understanding of ecosystem ecology. Or consider drones capable of scanning at a microscopic level, allowing us to anticipate soil erosion and environmental contamination. This opens doors to proactive measures for conservation and sustainability.

When deploying these technologies, human safety is always a priority. Autonomous drones, for example, can be programmed to recognize 'no-fly zones' around schools and residential areas, significantly reducing the risk of accidents involving civilians. Sensors and AI algorithms contribute to obstacle avoidance, ensuring safe integration of drones into daily life.

Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) have also become increasingly important in the world of drones. With AR, drone pilots can see live data overlays while flying, aiding in navigation and performing complex tasks. VR can be used to train drone pilots in simulated environments, leading to improved skills without the risk of real accidents.

Autonomous drones, equipped with artificial intelligence, will play a prominent role. They can independently and quickly respond to changing conditions, such as detecting natural disasters, locating animals in distress, and inspecting large and dangerous areas without human intervention.

And this is not just about drones in the air. Nowadays, companies offer such solutions for on and under the water surface, collecting a whole new set of data. These companies will also invest in innovations around drone technology.

It is crucial to emphasize that responsibility in the use of drone technology is paramount. We advocate for a "cautionary moment" in the implementation of drones, not only seizing the fantastic opportunities but also carefully weighing how they are used. Questions about checks, application scope, and regulation are essential.

In the Netherlands, drone regulations are divided into three categories: open, specific, and certified, depending on the risk level (Drone Laws in the Netherlands, 2023). In the open category, no prior authorization is required, but the drone must remain within the visual line of sight and weigh under 25 kg. For the specific category, authorization is needed, and for the certified category, certification of the drone and a licensed pilot is required. From January 1, 2024, operations in the open category must be conducted with drones carrying a C0, C1, C2, C3, or C4 classification label (Drone Laws in the Netherlands, 2023). Registration of drone operators is mandatory, and the responsibility for flight safety lies with the pilot. For commercial drone operations, insurance of at least 1 million euros is required (Drone Laws in the Netherlands, 2023).

This regulation shows how legislation evolves to both foster innovation and ensure the safety and privacy of citizens.

In this exploration of the impact of drones in the physical environment, we have seen how this technology revolutionizes data collection, from air quality measurements above industrial complexes to monitoring vast natural areas. The integration of drones offers unprecedented possibilities for urban planning and nature conservation, but also raises important questions about ethics and privacy. The implementation of drones requires careful consideration of technological capabilities against regulatory and ethical standards.

References:

• BaaS (Blurring as a Service): Open Research Amsterdam

• Drone Laws in the Netherlands: Drone laws

Get in touch with Sander Spanjaard (sander.spanjaard@highberg.com), Hans Oeij (hans.oeij@highberg.com) or Irfan Ilahi (irfan.ilahi@highberg.com).